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<title>Oracle bone script</title>

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</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:mistyrose;">Oracle bone script<br><div style="font-weight:normal"></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="Logographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Logographic">Logographic</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Period</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1250</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1050 BC</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Top-to-bottom vertically</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Child systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

<table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Oracle bone script</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;">甲骨文</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">shell and bone script</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">jiǎgǔ wén</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;"><span lang="zh-Bopo">ㄐㄧㄚˇ<span style="padding-left:0.5ic;"> </span>ㄍㄨˇ<span style="padding-left:0.5ic;"> </span>ㄨㄣˊ</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">jeaguu wen</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Chia<sup>3</sup>-ku<sup>3</sup> wen<sup>2</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">jiǎ-gǔ wún</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">IPA</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap">[tɕjà.kù wə̌n]</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">chiaʔ-kueʔ ven</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka" title="Guangdong Romanization">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Hakka-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="hak-Latn"><span>Gap<sup>5</sup>-gut<sup>5</sup> vun<sup>2</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">gaapgwāt màhn</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">gaap3 gwat1 man4</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">IPA</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap">[kap̚˧ kʷɐt̚˥ mɐn˩]</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">kah-kut bûn</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

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<p><b>Oracle bone script</b> is the oldest attested form of <a href="Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">written Chinese</a>, dating to the late 2nd millennium BC. Inscriptions were made by carving <a href="Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">characters</a> into <a href="Oracle_bone" title="Oracle bone">oracle bones</a>, usually either the shoulder bones of oxen or the <a href="Turtle_shell#Plastron" title="Turtle shell">plastrons of turtles</a>. The writings themselves mainly record the results of official divinations carried out on behalf of the <a href="Late_Shang" title="Late Shang">Late Shang</a> royal family. These divinations took the form of <i><a href="Scapulimancy" title="Scapulimancy">scapulimancy</a></i> where the oracle bones were exposed to flames, creating patterns of cracks that were then subjected to interpretation. Both the prompt and interpretation were inscribed on the same piece of bone that had been used for the divination itself.

</p><p>Out of an estimated 150,000 inscriptions that have been uncovered, the vast majority were unearthed at <a href="Yinxu" title="Yinxu">Yinxu</a>, the site of the final Shang capital (modern-day <a href="Anyang" title="Anyang">Anyang</a>, Henan). The most recent major discovery was the Huayuanzhuang cache found near the site in 1993. Of the 1,608 Huayuanzhang pieces, 579 bear inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShen200286_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShen200286-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of the last nine Shang kings are named in the inscriptions<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> beginning with <a href="Wu_Ding" title="Wu Ding">Wu Ding</a>, whose accession is variously dated between 1250 and 1200 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1978228_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1978228-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oracle bone inscriptions corresponding to Wu Ding's reign have been radiocarbon dated to 1254–1197 BC (±10 years).<sup id="cite_ref-radiocarbon_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radiocarbon-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the overthrow of the Shang by the <a href="Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a> in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046 BC</span>, divination using <a href="Achillea_millefolium" title="Achillea millefolium">milfoil</a> became more common; far fewer oracle bone inscriptions are dated to the Western Zhou.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No Zhou-era sites with a comparable cache of inscriptions to Yinxu have been found; however, examples from this period appear to be more widespread, having been found near most major population centers. New sites have continued to be discovered since 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The oracle bone inscriptions—along with several roughly contemporaneous bronzeware inscriptions using a different style—constitute the earliest corpus of Chinese writing, and are the direct ancestor of the <a href="Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a> developed over the next three millennia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoltz199431_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoltz199431-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their study is essential for the research of Chinese <a href="Etymologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Etymologies">etymologies</a>. It is also the direct ancestor of over a dozen East Asian writing systems. The length of inscriptions ranges from 10 to over 100 characters, but a few dozen is typical. The subjects of concern in inscriptions are broad, and include war, ritual sacrifice, and agriculture, as well as births, illnesses, and deaths in the royal family. As such, they provide invaluable insights into the character of late Shang society.

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<p>The common Chinese term for oracle bone script is <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">甲骨文</span></span> (<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">jiǎgǔwén</i></span> 'shell and bone script'), which is an abbreviation of <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">龜甲獸骨文字</span></span> (<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">guījiǎ shòugǔ wénzì</i></span> 'turtle-shell and animal-bone script'). This term is a translation of the English phrase "inscriptions upon bone and tortoise shell", which had been coined by the American missionary Frank H. Chalfant (1862–1914) in his 1906 book <i>Early Chinese Writing</i>, which first appeared in Chinese books during the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2015681_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2015681-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

In earlier decades, Chinese authors used a variety of names for the inscriptions based on the name of <a href="Yinxu" title="Yinxu">Yinxu</a>, their purpose (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">卜</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">bǔ</i></span> 'to divine'), or the method of inscription (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">契</span></span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">qì</i></span> 'to engrave'). A previously common term was <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">殷墟卜辭</span></span> (<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Yīnxū bǔcí</i></span> 'Yinxu divinatory texts').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2015681_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2015681-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oraculology">Oraculology</h3></div>

<p><b>Oraculology</b> (<span lang="zh-Hans">甲骨学</span>; <span lang="zh-Hant">甲骨學</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">jiǎgǔxué</span></i>) is the study of <a href="Oracle_bone" title="Oracle bone">oracle bones</a> and oracle bone script. It is a humanities discipline that focuses on the <a href="History_of_China" title="History of China">Chinese Upper Antiquity</a> oracle characters. Oracle bone science can be divided into a narrow sense of oracle bone science and a broad sense of oracle bone science. In the narrow sense, the study of oracle bone script is limited to the study of oracle bone script itself, and it is a discipline of <a href="Grammatology" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatology">paleography</a>. This includes the integration of theories, research methods and materials from various disciplines, such as paleography, history, archaeology, historical culture, historical literature, and cultural anthropology, to thoroughly study the historical and cultural background of the oracle bones and some of the patterns of the oracle bone divination. It is a diversified and specialized discipline.<sup id="cite_ref-wang-2010a_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wang-2010a-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early days of oracle bone discovery, oracle bones were called <i>qiwen</i>, and the study of oracle bones was called <i>qiology</i>. In 1931, Zhou Yitong proposed for the first time that "oracle bone science" was an independent discipline.<sup id="cite_ref-wang-2010a_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wang-2010a-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wang Yuxin emphasized that oracle bones are precious cultural relics and historical materials left over from the ancient period, but their value for archaeological and historical research lies in orthography beyond script interpretation, which has become increasingly recognized by scholars as orthography develops. Oracle bone science is a systematic and scientific inquiry into the inherent laws of the oracle bone script itself and uses it as a basis for glimpsing the history, society, and customs of the ancient world. The oracle bones should not be confused with <a href="Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Neolithic_symbols_in_China" title="Neolithic symbols in China">Neolithic symbols in China</a></div>

<p>It is generally agreed that the tradition of writing represented by oracle bone script existed prior to the first known examples, due to the attested script's mature state. Many characters had already undergone extensive simplifications and linearizations, and techniques of semantic extension and phonetic loaning had also clearly been used by authors for some time, perhaps centuries. However, no clearly identifiable examples of writing dating prior to the 13th century BC have been discovered. Sets of inscribed symbols on pottery, jade, and bone that have been discovered at a variety of Neolithic archeological sites across China have not been demonstrated to have any direct or indirect ancestry to the Shang oracle bone script at Anyang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQiu2000_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQiu2000-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style">Style</h2></div>

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<p>Along with the contemporary <a href="Bronzeware_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronzeware script">bronzeware script</a>, the oracle bone script of the <a href="Late_Shang" title="Late Shang">Late Shang</a> period appears pictographic. The earliest oracle bone script appears even more so than examples from late in the period (thus some evolution did occur over the roughly 200-year period).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQiu200064_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQiu200064-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Comparing the oracle bone script to both Shang and early <a href="Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a> period writing on bronzes, the oracle bone script is clearly greatly simplified, and rounded forms are often converted to rectilinear ones; this is thought to be due to the difficulty of engraving the bone's hard surface, compared with the ease of writing them in the wet clay of the molds the bronzes were cast from. The more detailed and more pictorial style of the bronze graphs is thought to be more representative of typical Shang writing using bamboo books than the oracle bone forms; this typical style continued to evolve into writing styles of the Western Zhou period, and then into the <a href="Seal_script" title="Seal script">seal script</a> within the <a href="State_of_Qin" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Qin">state of Qin</a>.

</p>

<p>It is known that the Shang people also wrote with brush and ink, as brush-written graphs have been found on a small number of pottery, shell and bone, and jade and other stone items,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQiu200063_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQiu200063-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there is evidence that they also wrote on bamboo (or wooden) books<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> just like those found from the late Zhou to <a href="Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a> periods, because the graphs for a writing brush (<span lang="zh">聿</span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">yù</i></span>, depicting a hand holding a writing brush<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and bamboo book (<span lang="zh">冊</span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">cè</i></span>, a book of thin <a href="Bamboo_and_wooden_slips" title="Bamboo and wooden slips">bamboo and wooden slips</a> bound with horizontal strings, like a <a href="Venetian_blind" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian blind">Venetian blind</a> turned 90 degrees), are present in oracle bone inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQiu200063Xu200212_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQiu200063Xu200212-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>Since the ease of writing with a brush is even greater than that of writing with a <a href="Stylus" title="Stylus">stylus</a> in wet clay, it is assumed that the style and structure of Shang graphs on bamboo were similar to those on bronzes, and also that the majority of writing occurred with a brush on such books.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQiu200063Xu200212_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQiu200063Xu200212-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional support for this notion includes the reorientation of some graphs,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by rotating them 90 degrees, as if to better fit on tall, narrow slats. The style must have developed on books of bamboo or wood slats, and then carried over to the oracle bone script. Additionally, the layout of characters in columns from top to bottom is mostly carried over from bamboo books.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley197850_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley197850-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some instances, characters are instead written in rows in order to match the text with divinatory cracks; in others, columns of text rotate 90 degrees mid-phrase. These are exceptions to the normal pattern of writing,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQiu200067Keightley197850_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQiu200067Keightley197850-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and inscriptions were never read bottom to top.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley197853_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley197853-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Columns of text in Chinese writing are traditionally laid out from right to left; this pattern is first found with the Shang-era bronze inscriptions. However, oracle bone inscriptions are often arranged with columns beginning near the center of the shell or bone, then moving toward the edge such that the two sides mirror one another.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley197850_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley197850-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_function">Structure and function</h2></div>

</div></div>

<p>Despite the pictorial nature of the oracle bone script, it was a fully functional and mature writing system by the time of the Shang dynasty,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoltz199431Qiu200029_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoltz199431Qiu200029-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning it was able to record the <a href="Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a> language, and not merely fragments of ideas or words. This level of maturity clearly implies an earlier period of development of at least several hundred years.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From their presumed origins as pictographs and signs, by the Shang dynasty, most graphs were already conventionalized<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoltz199455_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoltz199455-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in such a simplified fashion that the meanings of many of the pictographs are not immediately apparent. Without careful research to compare these to later forms, one would probably not know that these represented <span lang="zh">豕</span> 'swine' and <span lang="zh">犬</span> 'dog' respectively. As William G. Boltz notes, most of the oracle bone graphs are not depicted realistically enough for those who do not already know the script to recognize what they stand for; although pictographic in origin, they are no longer pictographs in function. Boltz instead calls them <i>zodiographs</i>, emphasizing their function as representing concepts exclusively through words.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoltz199431–33_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoltz199431–33-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Qiu labels them <i>semantographs</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQiu200063_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQiu200063-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>By the late Shang, oracle bone graphs had already evolved into mostly non-pictographic forms, including all the <a href="Chinese_character_classification" title="Chinese character classification">major types of Chinese characters</a> now in use. Loangraphs, phono-semantic compounds, and associative compounds were already common. One structural and functional analysis of the oracle bone characters found that they were 23% pictographs, 2% simple indicatives, 32% associative compounds, 11% phonetic loans, 27% phono-semantic compounds, and 6% undetermined.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>Although it was a fully functional writing system, the oracle bone script was not fully standardized. By the early <a href="Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a> period, these traits had vanished, but in both periods, the script was not highly regular or standardized; variant forms of graphs abound, and the size and orientation of graphs is also irregular. A graph when inverted horizontally generally refers to the same word, and additional components are sometimes present without changing the meaning. These irregularities persisted until the standardization of the <a href="Seal_script" title="Seal script">seal script</a> during the <a href="Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a>.

</p><p>There are over 30,000 distinct characters found from all the bone fragments so far, which may represent around 4,000 individual characters in their various forms. The majority of these still remain undeciphered, although scholars believe they can decipher between 1,500 and 2,000 of these characters. One reason for the difficulty in decipherment is that components of certain oracle bone script characters may differ in later script forms. Such differences may be accounted for by character simplification and/or by later generations misunderstanding the original graph, which had evolved beyond recognition. For instance, the standard character <span lang="zh">秋</span> 'autumn' now appears with the components <span lang="zh">禾</span> 'plant stalk' and <span lang="zh">火</span> 'fire', whereas the oracle bone form depicts an insect-like figure with <a href="Antenna_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna (biology)">antennae</a> – either a <a href="Cricket_(insect)" title="Cricket (insect)">cricket</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a <a href="Locust" title="Locust">locust</a> – with a variant depicting fire <span typeof="mw:File"></span> below said figure. In this case, the modern character is a simplification of an archaic variant <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">𪛁</span></span> (or <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">𥤚</span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is closer to the oracle bone script form – albeit with the insect figure being confused with the similar-looking character for <span lang="zh">龜</span> 'turtle' and the addition of the <span lang="zh">禾</span> component.

</p>

<p>Some characters are only attested in the oracle bone script, dropping out of later usage and usually being replaced by newer characters. An example is a fragment bearing character for 'spring' that has no known modern counterpart. In such cases, available context may be used to determine the possible meaning of the character. In other cases, the character may be assumed to be a <a href="Phono-semantic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Phono-semantic compound">phono-semantic compound</a>, and a rough meaning can be inferred based on the semantic component. For instance, an oracle bone character was recently found which consists of <span lang="zh">礻</span> on the left and <span lang="zh">升</span> on the right ([<span lang="zh">礻升</span>] when converted from oracle bone forms to their modern printed equivalents). This character may reasonably be guessed to a compound with <span lang="zh">示</span> 'altar' as the semantic and <span lang="zh">升</span> (modern reading <i>sheng</i>) as the phonetic.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though no modern character consists of these two components, it likely refers to a type of Shang dynasty ritual with a name similar to the pronunciation of <span lang="zh">升</span> in Old Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same collection of fragments, the character <span class="nowrap">⟨阝心⟩</span> was surmised to be a place name, since the semantic component <span lang="zh">阜</span> means 'mound', 'hill', and the divination concerned the king traveling for a <a href="Royal_hunt" title="Royal hunt">royal hunt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zhou-era_inscriptions">Zhou-era inscriptions</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Chinese bronze inscriptions</a></div>

<p>There are relatively few oracle bone inscriptions dating after the conquest of the Shang by the <a href="Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046 BC</span>). From their initial discovery during the 1950s, only a handful of examples from this later period had been uncovered, and those that did were fragments consisting of only one or two characters. In August 1977, a cache containing thousands of Zhou-era oracle bones was discovered at a site closely linked to the ancient Zhou heartland. Among thousands of pieces, 200–300 bore inscriptions.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarship">Scholarship</h2></div>

<p>Among the major scholars making significant contributions to the study of the oracle bone writings, especially early on, were:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXu200216–19_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXu200216–19-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Wang_Yirong" title="Wang Yirong">Wang Yirong</a> recognized the characters as being ancient Chinese writing in 1899.</li>

<li><a href="Liu_E_(writer)" title="Liu E (writer)">Liu E</a> collected five thousand oracle bone fragments, published the first collection of 1,058 rubbings entitled <i>Tieyun Canggui</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">鐵雲藏龜</span></span>, Tie Yun's [i.e., Liu E] Repository of Turtles) in 1903,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and correctly identified thirty-four characters.</li>

<li><a href="Sun_Yirang" title="Sun Yirang">Sun Yirang</a> was the first serious researcher of oracle bones.</li>

<li><a href="Luo_Zhenyu" title="Luo Zhenyu">Luo Zhenyu</a> collected over 30,000 oracle bones and published several volumes, identified the names of the Shang kings, and thus positively identified the oracle bones as being artifacts from the Shang reign.</li>

<li><a href="Wang_Guowei" title="Wang Guowei">Wang Guowei</a> demonstrated that the commemorative cycle of the Shang kings matched the list of kings in <a href="Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a>'s <i><a href="Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Historian</a></i>.</li>

<li><a href="Dong_Zuobin" title="Dong Zuobin">Dong Zuobin</a> identified the diviners and established a chronology for the oracle bones as well as numerous other dating criteria.</li>

<li><a href="Guo_Moruo" title="Guo Moruo">Guo Moruo</a> editor of the <i><a href="Jiaguwen_Heji" title="Jiaguwen Heji">Jiaguwen Heji</a></i>, the largest published collection of oracle bones.</li>

<li><a href="Ken-ichi_Takashima" title="Ken-ichi Takashima">Ken-ichi Takashima</a>, first scholar to systematically treat the language of the oracle bones from the perspective of modern linguistics.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computer_encoding">Computer encoding</h2></div>

<p>A proposal to include the oracle bone script in <a href="Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> is being prepared.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Code_point" title="Code point">Code points</a> U+35400–U+36BFF in Unicode <a href="Plane_(Unicode)" title="Plane (Unicode)">Plane</a> 3 (the Tertiary Ideographic Plane) have been tentatively allocated.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Samples">Samples</h2></div>

<div class="gallerytext">An oracle bone (incomplete) with a diviner asking the Shang king if there would be misfortune over the next ten days</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Tortoise plastron with divination inscription dating to the reign of King <a href="Wu_Ding" title="Wu Ding">Wu Ding</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Oracle script from a divining</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Oracle script inquiry about rain: "Today, will it rain?"</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Oracle script inquiry about rain (annotated)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Oracle script for Spring</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Oracle script for Autumn</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Oracle script for Winter</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Shang oracle bone numerals<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div>

</li>

</ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A few such shells and bones do not record divinations, but bear other records such as those of hunting trips, records of sacrifices, wars or other events, calendars, or practice inscriptions;<a href="#CITEREFXu2002">Xu 2002</a>, pp. 31, 34 these are termed shell and bone inscriptions, rather than oracle bones, because no oracle (divination) was involved. However, they are still written in oracle bone script.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are no such bamboo books extant before the late Zhou, however, as the materials were not permanent enough to survive.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The modern word <span lang="zh">筆</span> <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">bĭ</i></span> is derived from a <a href="Qin_(state)" title="Qin (state)">Qin</a> dialectal variant of this word <a href="#CITEREFBaxterSagart2014">Baxter & Sagart 2014</a>, pp. 42–43.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As <a href="#CITEREFQiu2000">Qiu 2000</a>, pp. 62–63 notes, the <i>Shangshu</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> "Duoshi" chapter also refers to use of such books by the Shang.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Identification of these graphs is based on consultation of <a href="#CITEREFZhao1988">Zhao 1988</a>, <a href="#CITEREFLiu1997">Liu 1997</a>, <a href="#CITEREFWu1990">Wu 1990</a>, <a href="#CITEREFKeightley1978">Keightley 1978</a>, and <a href="#CITEREFQiu2000">Qiu 2000</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boltz surmises that the Chinese script was invented around the middle of the 2nd millennium BC during the early Shang, and based on the currently available evidence declares attempts to push this date earlier "unsubstantiated speculation and wishful thinking". <a href="#CITEREFBoltz1994">Boltz 1994</a>, p. 39</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi1968">Li 1968</a>, p. 95, cited in <a href="#CITEREFWoon1987">Woon 1987</a>; the percentages do not add up to 100% due to rounding; see <a href="Chinese_character_classification" title="Chinese character classification">Chinese character classification</a> for explanations of the various types listed here.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This character was found on one of nine oracle bone fragments in the Shandong Provincial Museum's collection. The full inscription reads:

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">丁未卜，王[礻升]叀父戊？</span></span></p></blockquote>

<p>This was the first time that the graph <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">礻升</span></span>⟩</span> had been attested in oracle bone inscriptions. Wang translated the sentence as: "Prognostication on the day <i>dingwei</i>: if the king performs the <i>sheng</i> sacrifice, will it benefit Ancestor Wu?" The newly found graph was tentatively assigned the same modern reading as the phonetic component <span lang="zh">升</span>.

</p>

</span></li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The full inscription: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">戊寅卜，旅貞：王其于[阝心]，亡災？</span></span>

Translation: Prognostication on the day <i>wuyin</i> by Diviner Lü: if the king travels to [placename, possibly read <i>xin</i>], will there be harm?</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div>

</li>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFLi2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Li_Xueqin_(historian)" title="Li Xueqin (historian)">Li Xueqin</a> (2002). "The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project: Methodology and Results". <i>Journal of East Asian Archaeology</i>. <b>4</b>: <span class="nowrap">321–</span>333. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156852302322454585">10.1163/156852302322454585</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1978228-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1978228_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeightley1978">Keightley 1978</a>, p. 228.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-radiocarbon-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-radiocarbon_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLiuWuGuoYuan2020" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Kexin; Wu, Xiaohong; Guo, Zhiyu; Yuan, Sixun; Ding, Xingfang; Fu, Dongpo; Pan, Yan (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FRDC.2020.90">"Radiocarbon Dating of Oracle Bones of the Late Shang Period in Ancient China"</a>. <i><a href="Radiocarbon_(journal)" title="Radiocarbon (journal)">Radiocarbon</a></i>. <b>63</b> (1). Cambridge University Press: <span class="nowrap">155–</span>175. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FRDC.2020.90">10.1017/RDC.2020.90</a></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNylan2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Michael_Nylan" title="Michael Nylan">Nylan, Michael</a> (2001). "The Changes (Yi 易)". <i>The Five "Confucian" Classics</i>. Yale University Press. p. 217. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-300-13033-1</bdi>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1nq7hj.9">j.ctt1nq7hj.9</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFlad2008" class="citation journal cs1">Flad, Rowan K. (2008). "Divination and Power: A Multiregional View of the Development of Oracle Bone Divination in Early China". <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>49</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">403–</span>437. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F588495">10.1086/588495</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-3204">0011-3204</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:62795316">62795316</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoltz199431-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoltz199431_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoltz1994">Boltz 1994</a>, p. 31.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2015681-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2015681_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkinson2015681_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkinson2015">Wilkinson (2015)</a>, p. 681.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChalfant1906" class="citation book cs1">Chalfant, Frank H. (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlychinesewrit00chalrich"><i>Early Chinese Writing</i></a>. Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie Institute. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlychinesewrit00chalrich/page/30">30</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-wang-2010a-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wang-2010a_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wang-2010a_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWangWei2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wang Yuxin (王宇信); Wei Jianzhen (魏建震) (2010). <bdi lang="zh">甲骨学导论</bdi> [<i>Introduction to Oraculology</i>] (in Chinese). Beijing: <a href="Chinese_Academy_of_Social_Sciences" title="Chinese Academy of Social Sciences">Chinese Academy of Social Sciences</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-7-5004-8878-1</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWang1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wang Yuxin (王宇信) (1999). <bdi lang="zh">甲骨学通论</bdi> [<i>General Theory of Oraculology</i>] (in Chinese). <a href="Chinese_Academy_of_Social_Sciences" title="Chinese Academy of Social Sciences">Chinese Academy of Social Sciences</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>4. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-7-5004-0329-6</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley197850-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley197850_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley197850_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeightley1978">Keightley 1978</a>, p. 50.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQiu200067Keightley197850-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQiu200067Keightley197850_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQiu2000">Qiu 2000</a>, p. 67; <a href="#CITEREFKeightley1978">Keightley 1978</a>, p. 50.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley197853-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley197853_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeightley1978">Keightley 1978</a>, p. 53.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoltz199431Qiu200029-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoltz199431Qiu200029_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoltz1994">Boltz 1994</a>, p. 31; <a href="#CITEREFQiu2000">Qiu 2000</a>, p. 29.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoltz199455-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoltz199455_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoltz1994">Boltz 1994</a>, p. 55.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoltz199431–33-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoltz199431–33_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoltz1994">Boltz 1994</a>, pp. 31–33.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-mf/search.php?word=%E7%A7%8B">"秋"</a>. <i>Multi-function Chinese Character Database</i> (in Chinese).</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="Shuowen_Jiezi" title="Shuowen Jiezi">Shuowen Jiezi</a></i> entry for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shuowen.org/view/4430">秋 (秌)</a>: 从禾，省聲。𪛁，籒文不省。</span>

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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWang2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wang, Entian (2015-08-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwz.fudan.edu.cn/Web/Show/2582">"王恩田：王獻唐先生征集甲骨文考釋"</a>. <i>Online Journal of the Fudan University Center for Unearthed Texts and Paleography (复旦大学出土文献与古文字研究中心</i> (in Chinese).</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCreamer1992" class="citation book cs1">Creamer, Thomas B. I. (1992). "Lexicography and the history of the Chinese language". In Zgusta, Ladislav (ed.). <i>History, languages, and lexicographers</i>. De Gruyter. p. 108. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-11-134107-1</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/15280-n4687-oracle-bone.pdf">"L2/15-280: Request for comment on encoding Oracle Bone Script"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC. 2015-10-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-23</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unicode.org/roadmaps/tip/">"Roadmap to the TIP"</a>. <a href="Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a>. 2016-01-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-23</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNeedhamRonan1978" class="citation book cs1">Needham, Joseph; Ronan, Colin A. (1978). <i>The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China: An Abridgement of Joseph Needham's Original Text</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 6, Table 20. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-21821-4</bdi>.</cite></span>

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</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div>

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<li><cite id="CITEREFKeightley2000" class="citation book cs1">——— (2000). <i>The Ancestral Landscape: Time, Space, and Community in Late Shang China (ca. 1200–1045 B.C.)</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-55729-070-0</bdi>.</cite></li>

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<li><cite id="CITEREFShen2002" class="citation book cs1">Shen, Chen, ed. (2002). <i>Anyang and Sanxingdui: Unveiling the Mysteries of Ancient Chinese Civilizations</i>. Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-88854-441-4</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFThorp1981" class="citation journal cs1">Thorp, Robert L. (1981). "The Date of Tomb 5 at Yinxu, Anyang: A Review Article". <i>Artibus Asiae</i>. <b>43</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">239–</span>246. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3249839">10.2307/3249839</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249839">3249839</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Endymion_Wilkinson" title="Endymion Wilkinson">Wilkinson, Endymion</a> (2015). <i>Chinese History: A New Manual</i> (4th ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-674-08846-7</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWu1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wu, Teresa L. (1990). <i>The Origin and Dissemination of Chinese Characters</i> <bdi lang="zh">中國文字只起源與繁衍</bdi> [<i>The Origin and Dissemination of Chinese Characters</i>] (in Chinese). Taipei: Caves. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-957-606-002-1</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFXu2002" class="citation book cs1">Xu Yahui (許雅惠), ed. (2002). <i>Ancient Chinese Writing, Oracle Bone Inscriptions from the Ruins of Yin</i>. Translated by Caltonhill, Mark; Moser, Jeff. Taipei: National Palace Museum. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-957-562-420-0</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWoon1987" class="citation book cs1">Woon, Wee Lee (1987). <i>Chinese writing: its origin and evolution</i>. Macau: University of East Asia Press. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21757249">21757249</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFZhao1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zhao Cheng (趙誠) (2009) [1988]. <bdi lang="zh">甲骨文簡明詞典——卜辭分類讀本</bdi> [<i>Concise Reader of Oracle Bone Inscription Classifications</i>] (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-7-101-00254-6</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Oracle_bone_script" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></span>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFLuo1912" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a href="Luo_Zhenyu" title="Luo Zhenyu">Luo, Zhenyu</a> (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28Yin%20xu%20shu%20qi%29"><bdi lang="zh">殷虛書契</bdi></a> [<i>Yinxu inscriptions</i>].</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMenzies1917" class="citation book cs1">Menzies, James Mellon (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cihm_990806"><i>Oracle records from the Waste of Yin</i></a>. Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-659-90806-3</bdi>.</cite> <span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</span></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_script_styles57" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Chinese_script_styles57" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Chinese_script_styles" title="Chinese script styles">Chinese script styles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Handwritten scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze script</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">金文</span></span></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">篆書</span></span></span>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">Large</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">大篆</span></span></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">Small</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">小篆</span></span></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Clerical_script" title="Clerical script">Clerical script</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">隸書</span></span></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Regular_script" title="Regular script">Regular script</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">楷書</span></span></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Semi-cursive_script" title="Semi-cursive script">Semi-cursive script</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">行書</span></span></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Cursive_script_(East_Asia)" title="Cursive script (East Asia)">Cursive script</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">草書</span></span></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Typeface" title="Typeface">Typefaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Derived_from_regular_script27" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derived from regular script</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Fangsong" title="Fangsong">Fangsong</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">仿宋體</span></span></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="East_Asian_Gothic_typeface" title="East Asian Gothic typeface">Gothic</a> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">黑體</span></span></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_language163" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div id="Chinese_language163" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div><b><a href="Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic languages</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div id="Major_linguistic_groups163" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Major linguistic groups</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Northeastern_Mandarin" title="Northeastern Mandarin">Northeastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Changchun_dialect" title="Changchun dialect">Changchun</a></li>

<li><a href="Harbin_dialect" title="Harbin dialect">Harbin</a></li>

<li><a href="Shenyang_Mandarin" title="Shenyang Mandarin">Shenyang</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Beijing_Mandarin_(division_of_Mandarin)" title="Beijing Mandarin (division of Mandarin)">Beijing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Beijing_dialect" title="Beijing dialect">Beijing</a></li>

<li><a href="Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Jilu_Mandarin" title="Jilu Mandarin">Jilu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Tianjin_dialect" title="Tianjin dialect">Tianjin</a></li>

<li><a href="Jinan_dialect" title="Jinan dialect">Jinan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Jiaoliao_Mandarin" title="Jiaoliao Mandarin">Jiaoliao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dalian_dialect" title="Dalian dialect">Dalian</a></li>

<li><a href="Qingdao_dialect" title="Qingdao dialect">Qingdao</a></li>

<li><a href="Weihai_dialect" title="Weihai dialect">Weihai</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Central_Plains_Mandarin" title="Central Plains Mandarin">Central Plains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dongping_dialect" title="Dongping dialect">Dongping</a></li>

<li><a href="Gangou_language" title="Gangou language">Gangou</a></li>

<li><a href="Guanzhong_dialect" title="Guanzhong dialect">Guanzhong</a>

<li><a href="Luoyang_dialect" title="Luoyang dialect">Luoyang</a></li>

<li><a href="Xuzhou_dialect" title="Xuzhou dialect">Xuzhou</a></li>

<li><a href="Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan</a></li>

<li><a href="Xinjiang_Mandarin" title="Xinjiang Mandarin">Xinjiang</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sichuanese_dialects" title="Sichuanese dialects">Sichuanese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chengdu-Chongqing_dialect" title="Chengdu-Chongqing dialect">Chengdu–Chongqing</a></li>

<li>(?) <a href="Minjiang_dialect" title="Minjiang dialect">Minjiang</a>

<ul><li><a href="Leshan_dialect" title="Leshan dialect">Leshan</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Renshou–Fushun

<ul><li><a href="Zigong_dialect" title="Zigong dialect">Zigong</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Kunming_dialect" title="Kunming dialect">Kunming</a></li>

<li><a href="Nanping_dialect" title="Nanping dialect">Nanping</a></li>

<li><a href="Wuhan_dialect" title="Wuhan dialect">Wuhan</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Wuming_Mandarin" title="Wuming Mandarin">Wuming</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Lower_Yangtze_Mandarin" title="Lower Yangtze Mandarin">Jianghuai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nanjing_dialect" title="Nanjing dialect">Nanjing</a></li>

<li><a href="Nantong_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nantong dialect">Nantong</a></li>

<li><a href="Nanping_dialect" title="Nanping dialect">Nanping</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Lanyin_Mandarin" title="Lanyin Mandarin">Lanyin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Lanzhou dialect</li>

<li>Ürümqi dialect</li>

<li><a href="Xinjiang_Mandarin" title="Xinjiang Mandarin">Xinjiang</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Junjiahua" title="Junjiahua">Junjiahua</a></li>

<li><a href="Qinjiang_Mandarin" title="Qinjiang Mandarin">Qinjiang</a></li>

<li><a href="Gyami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyami language">Gyami</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="Jin_Chinese" title="Jin Chinese">Jin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Zhangjiakou%E2%80%93Hohhot_dialect" title="Zhangjiakou–Hohhot dialect">Zhangjiakou–Hohhot</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Taihu_Wu" title="Taihu Wu">Taihu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghai</a></li>

<li><a href="Suzhou_dialect" title="Suzhou dialect">Suzhou</a></li>

<li><a href="Changzhou_dialect" title="Changzhou dialect">Changzhou</a></li>

<li>(?) <a href="Hangzhou_dialect" title="Hangzhou dialect">Hangzhou</a></li>

<li><a href="Shaoxing_dialect" title="Shaoxing dialect">Shaoxing</a></li>

<li><a href="Ningbo_dialect" title="Ningbo dialect">Ningbo</a></li>

<li><a href="Jinxiang_dialect" title="Jinxiang dialect">Jinxiang</a></li>

<li><a href="Jiangyin_dialect" title="Jiangyin dialect">Jiangyin</a></li>

<li><a href="Shadi_dialect" title="Shadi dialect">Shadi</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Taizhou_Wu" title="Taizhou Wu">Taizhou Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Taizhou_dialect" title="Taizhou dialect">Taizhou</a></li>

<li><a href="Tiantai_dialect" title="Tiantai dialect">Tiantai</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Oujiang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhou</a></li>

<li><a href="Wencheng_dialect" title="Wencheng dialect">Wencheng</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Wuzhou_Wu" title="Wuzhou Wu">Wuzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jinhua_dialect" title="Jinhua dialect">Jinhua</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Chu%E2%80%93Qu_Wu" title="Chu–Qu Wu">Chu–Qu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Quzhou_dialect" title="Quzhou dialect">Quzhou</a></li>

<li><a href="Jiangshan_dialect" title="Jiangshan dialect">Jiangshan</a></li>

<li><a href="Qingtian_dialect" title="Qingtian dialect">Qingtian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Xuanzhou_Wu_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuanzhou Wu dialects">Xuanzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Xuancheng_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuancheng dialect">Xuancheng</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="Huizhou_Chinese" title="Huizhou Chinese">Huizhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li>Yanzhou</li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chang%E2%80%93Du_Gan" title="Chang–Du Gan">Chang–Du</a>

<ul><li><a href="Nanchang_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanchang dialect">Nanchang</a></li></ul></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="New_Xiang" title="New Xiang">Changyi</a>

<ul><li><a href="Changsha_dialect" title="Changsha dialect">Changsha</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Old_Xiang" title="Old Xiang">Loushao</a>

<ul><li><a href="Shuangfeng_dialect" title="Shuangfeng dialect">Shuangfeng</a></li>

<li><a href="Xiangxiang_dialect" title="Xiangxiang dialect">Xiangxiang</a></li>

<li><a href="Wugang_dialect" title="Wugang dialect">Wugang</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Qiyang_dialect" title="Qiyang dialect">Qiyang</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Houguan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a></li>

<li><a href="Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing</a></li>

<li><a href="Changle_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Changle dialect">Changle</a></li>

<li><a href="Gutian_dialect" title="Gutian dialect">Gutian</a></li>

<li><a href="Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Fu–Ning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ningde_dialect" title="Ningde dialect">Ningde</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Manjiang_dialect" title="Manjiang dialect">Manjiang</a></li>

<li><a href="Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Longdu_dialect" title="Longdu dialect">Longdu</a></li>

<li><a href="Nanlang_dialect" title="Nanlang dialect">Nanlang</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min" title="Pu–Xian Min">Pu–Xian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Putian_dialect" title="Putian dialect">Putian</a></li>

<li><a href="Xianyou_dialect" title="Xianyou dialect">Xianyou</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Quanzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Quanzhou dialect">Quanzhou</a></li>

<li><a href="Zhangzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangzhou dialect">Zhangzhou</a></li>

<li><a href="Chawan_dialect" title="Chawan dialect">Chawan</a></li>

<li><a href="Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwan</a></li>

<li><a href="Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Philippines</a></li>

<li><a href="Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang</a></li>

<li><a href="Medan_Hokkien" title="Medan Hokkien">Medan</a></li>

<li><a href="Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Singapore</a></li>

<li><a href="Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Southern Malaysia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Teochew_Min" title="Teochew Min">Teochew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Swatow_dialect" title="Swatow dialect">Swatow</a></li>

<li><a href="Haklau_Min" title="Haklau Min">Haklau</a></li>

<li><a href="Pontianak_Teochew" title="Pontianak Teochew">Pontianak</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sanxiang_dialect" title="Sanxiang dialect">Sanxiang</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Zhenan_Min" title="Zhenan Min">Zhenan</a></li>

<li><a href="Longyan_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Longyan Min">Longyan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Leizhou_Min" title="Leizhou Min">Leizhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Zhanjiang_dialect" title="Zhanjiang dialect">Zhanjiang</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Wenchang_dialect" title="Wenchang dialect">Wenchang</a></li>

<li><a href="Haikou_dialect" title="Haikou dialect">Haikou</a></li>

<li>Banqiao</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Inland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern</a>

<li><a href="Jianyang_dialect" title="Jianyang dialect">Jianyang</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Central_Min" title="Central Min">Central</a></li>

<li><a href="Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shao–Jiang</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Huiyang

<ul><li><a href="Changting_dialect" title="Changting dialect">Changting</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Meixian_dialect" title="Meixian dialect">Meixian</a></li>

<li><a href="Pontianak_Hakka" title="Pontianak Hakka">Pontianak</a></li>

<li><a href="Singkawang_Hakka" title="Singkawang Hakka">Singkawang</a></li>

<li><a href="Taiwanese_Hakka" title="Taiwanese Hakka">Taiwan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sixian_dialect" title="Sixian dialect">Sixian</a></li>

<li><a href="Hailu_dialect" title="Hailu dialect">Hailu</a></li>

<li><a href="Raoping_Hakka" title="Raoping Hakka">Raoping</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tingzhou_dialect" title="Tingzhou dialect">Tingzhou</a></li>

<li><a href="Wuhua_dialect" title="Wuhua dialect">Wuhua</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Yuehai_Yue" title="Yuehai Yue">Yuehai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Guangzhou</a>

<li><a href="Malaysian_Cantonese" title="Malaysian Cantonese">Malaysia</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Xiguan_dialect" title="Xiguan dialect">Xiguan</a></li>

<li><a href="Jiujiang_dialect" title="Jiujiang dialect">Jiujiang</a></li>

<li><a href="Shiqi_dialect" title="Shiqi dialect">Shiqi</a></li>

<li><a href="Weitou_dialect" title="Weitou dialect">Weitou</a></li>

<li><a href="Dapeng_dialect" title="Dapeng dialect">Dapeng</a></li>

<li><a href="Yunfu_Cantonese" title="Yunfu Cantonese">Yunfu</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Siyi_Yue" title="Siyi Yue">Siyi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Taishanese" title="Taishanese">Taishan</a></li>

<li>Xinhui</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Goulou_Yue" title="Goulou Yue">Goulou</a></li>

<li><a href="Luo%E2%80%93Guang_Yue" title="Luo–Guang Yue">Luo–Guang</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="Pinghua" title="Pinghua">Pinghua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pinghua#Dialects" title="Pinghua">Northern Pinghua</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tongdao_Pinghua" title="Tongdao Pinghua">Tongdao</a></li>

<li><a href="Younian_dialect" title="Younian dialect">Younian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pinghua#Dialects" title="Pinghua">Southern Pinghua</a>

<ul><li>Yongjiang</li>

<li>Guandao</li>

<li>Rongjiang</li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e0e0b0;;width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Shaozhou_Tuhua" title="Shaozhou Tuhua">Shaozhou Tuhua</a></li>

<li><a href="Xiangnan_Tuhua" title="Xiangnan Tuhua">Xiangnan Tuhua</a></li>

<li><a href="Danzhou_dialect" title="Danzhou dialect">Danzhou</a></li>

<li><a href="Badong_Yao_language" title="Badong Yao language">Badong Yao</a></li>

<li><a href="She_Chinese" title="She Chinese">Shehua</a></li>

<li><a href="Waxiang_Chinese" title="Waxiang Chinese">Waxiang</a></li>

<li><a href="Yeheni_language" title="Yeheni language">Yeheni</a></li>

<li><a href="Huizhou_dialect" title="Huizhou dialect">Huizhou</a></li>

<li><a href="Chuanqing_people#Language" title="Chuanqing people">Laobeizi</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">(?) <a href="Macro-Bai_languages" title="Macro-Bai languages">Macro-Bai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></li>

<li><a href="Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></li>

<li><a href="Luren_language" title="Luren language">Luren</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div id="Standard_forms_of_Chinese163" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Comparison_of_national_standards_of_Chinese" title="Comparison of national standards of Chinese">Standard forms of Chinese</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a><br>(<a href="Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sichuanese_Standard_Chinese" title="Sichuanese Standard Chinese">Sichuanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Philippine_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Mandarin">Philippine</a></li>

<li><a href="Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Malaysian</a></li>

<li><a href="Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Singaporean Mandarin">Singaporean</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Other varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li>

<li><a href="Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li>

<li><a href="Hakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka">Hakka</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div id="History,_phonology,_and_grammar163" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History, phonology, and grammar</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="History_of_the_Chinese_language" title="History of the Chinese language">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Eastern_Han_Chinese" title="Eastern Han Chinese">Eastern Han</a></li>

<li><a href="Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Mandarin" title="Old Mandarin">Old Mandarin</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandarin_(late_imperial_lingua_franca)" title="Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)">Middle Mandarin</a></li>

<li><a href="Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a></li>

<li><a href="Proto-Hakka" title="Proto-Hakka">Proto-Hakka</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Historical_Chinese_phonology" title="Historical Chinese phonology">Historical</a>

<li><a href="Old_National_Pronunciation" title="Old National Pronunciation">Old National</a></li>

<li><a href="Cantonese_phonology" title="Cantonese phonology">Cantonese</a></li>

<li><a href="Hokkien_phonology" title="Hokkien phonology">Hokkien</a></li>

<li><a href="Northern_Wu_phonology" title="Northern Wu phonology">Northern Wu</a></li>

<li><a href="Standard_Chinese_phonology" title="Standard Chinese phonology">Mandarin</a></li>

<li><a href="Literary_and_colloquial_readings_of_Chinese_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters">Literary and colloquial readings</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="Chinese_grammar" title="Chinese grammar">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chinese_numerals" title="Chinese numerals">Numerals</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_classifier" title="Chinese classifier">Classifiers</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_honorifics" title="Chinese honorifics">Honorifics</a></li>

<li><a href="Cantonese_grammar" title="Cantonese grammar">Cantonese grammar</a></li>

<li><a href="Classical_Chinese_grammar" title="Classical Chinese grammar">Classical grammar</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Idioms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Chengyu" title="Chengyu">Chengyu</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Xiehouyu" title="Xiehouyu">Xiehouyu</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div id="Written_Chinese_and_input_methods163" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Written Chinese and input methods</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Literary forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Official8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical</a>

<ul><li><a href="Adoption_of_Chinese_literary_culture" title="Adoption of Chinese literary culture">Adoption</a></li>

<li><a href="Kanbun" title="Kanbun">in Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Literary_Chinese_in_Vietnam" title="Literary Chinese in Vietnam">in Vietnam</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Written_vernacular_Chinese" title="Written vernacular Chinese">Vernacular</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

<ul><li><a href="Written_Cantonese" title="Written Cantonese">Written Cantonese</a></li>

<li><a href="Dungan_alphabets" title="Dungan alphabets">Written Dungan</a></li>

<li><a href="Written_Hokkien" title="Written Hokkien">Written Hokkien</a></li>

<li><a href="Sichuanese_characters" title="Sichuanese characters">Written Sichuanese</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Logographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Logographic">Logographic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Script_styles39" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Chinese_script_styles" title="Chinese script styles">Script styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze</a></li>

<li><a href="Clerical_script" title="Clerical script">Clerical</a></li>

<li><a href="Semi-cursive_script" title="Semi-cursive script">Semi-cursive</a></li>

<li><a href="Cursive_script_(East_Asia)" title="Cursive script (East Asia)">Cursive</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

<ul><li><a href="Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a>

<ul><li><a href="Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">Simplified</a></li>

<li><a href="Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">Traditional</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_punctuation" title="Chinese punctuation">Punctuation</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></li>

<li><a href="Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Phonetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">Romanization</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></li>

<li><a href="Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_postal_romanization" title="Chinese postal romanization">Postal</a></li>

<li><a href="Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></li>

<li><a href="Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></li>

<li><a href="Lessing-Othmer" title="Lessing-Othmer">Lessing-Othmer</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyrillization_of_Chinese" title="Cyrillization of Chinese">Cyrillization</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dungan_language#Writing_system" title="Dungan language">Dungan Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cantonese_Bopomofo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Bopomofo">Cantonese Bopomofo</a></li>

<li><a href="Taiwanese_Phonetic_Symbols" title="Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols">Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Taiwanese_kana" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a></li>

<li><a href="Taiwanese_Hangul" title="Taiwanese Hangul">Taiwanese Hangul</a></li>

<li><a href="Xiao'erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li>

<li><a href="N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="Chinese_input_method" title="Chinese input method">Input methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Logographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biaoxingma_method" title="Biaoxingma method">Biaoxingma</a></li>

<li>Boshiamy</li>

<li><a href="Cangjie_input_method" title="Cangjie input method">Cangjie</a>

<ul><li><a href="Simplified_Cangjie" title="Simplified Cangjie">Simplified</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Stroke_count_method" title="Stroke count method">Stroke count</a></li>

<li><a href="Zhengma_method" title="Zhengma method">ZhengMa</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Pinyin_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin method">Pinyin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Google_Pinyin" title="Google Pinyin">Google</a></li>

<li>Microsoft</li>

<li><a href="Sogou_Pinyin" title="Sogou Pinyin">Sogou</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"></span></span> <a href="List_of_varieties_of_Chinese" title="List of varieties of Chinese">List of varieties of Chinese</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Writing_systems125" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Writing_systems125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="Index_of_language_articles" title="Index of language articles">Index of language articles</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Language" title="Language">Language</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_alphabet" title="History of the alphabet">History of the alphabet</a></li>

<li><a href="Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Graphemes</a></li>

<li><a href="Script_(Unicode)" title="Script (Unicode)">Scripts in Unicode</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a></li>

<li>Languages by writing system / <a href="List_of_languages_by_first_written_account" title="List of languages by first written account">by first written account</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_text_corpora" title="Ancient text corpora">Ancient languages corpuses by size</a></li>

<li><a href="Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">Undeciphered writing systems</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">Creators of writing systems</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></li>

<li><a href="Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></li>

<li><a href="Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></li>

<li><a href="Featural_writing_system" title="Featural writing system">Featural</a></li>

<li><a href="Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideogrammic</a></li>

<li><a href="Logogram" title="Logogram">Logographic</a></li>

<li><a href="Numeral_system" title="Numeral system">Numeral</a></li>

<li><a href="Phonogram_(linguistics)" title="Phonogram (linguistics)">Phonogrammic</a></li>

<li><a href="Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictographic</a></li>

<li><a href="Semi-syllabary" title="Semi-syllabary">Semi-syllabaries</a></li>

<li><a href="Shorthand" title="Shorthand">Shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current examples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li>

<li><a href="Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li>

<li><a href="Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Writing_systems_of_Africa" title="Writing systems of Africa">In Africa</a></li>

<li><a href="Writing_systems_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Writing systems of Southeast Asia">In Southeast Asia</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_writing_systems56" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types_of_writing_systems56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li>

<li><a href="Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a>

<ul><li><a href="Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Languages by writing system / <a href="List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li>

<li><a href="Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li>

<li><a href="Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li>

<li><a href="Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li>

<li><a href="Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li>

<li><a href="Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li>

<li><a href="Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li>

<li><a href="Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li>

<li><a href="Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a>

<li><a href="Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li>

<li><a href="Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li>

<li><a href="Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li>

<li><a href="Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a>

<ul><li><a href="Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li>

<li><a href="Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li>

<li><a href="Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li>

<li><a href="Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a>

<ul><li><a href="Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li>

<li><a href="Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li>

<li><a href="Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li>

<li><a href="Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li>

<li><a href="Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li>

<li><a href="Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li>

<li><a href="Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li>

<li><a href="Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li>

<li><a href="Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li>

<li><a href="Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li>

<li><a href="Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li>

<li><a href="Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li>

<li><a href="Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li>

<li><a href="La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li>

<li><a href="Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li>

<li><a href="Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li>

<li><a href="Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li>

<li><a href="Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li>

<li><a href="N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li>

<li><a href="Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li>

<li><a href="Newari_scripts" title="Newari scripts">Nepalese scripts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li>

<li>Golmol</li>

<li>Himmol</li>

<li>Kummol</li>

<li>Kvemmol</li>

<li>Pachumol</li>

<li><a href="Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li>

<li><a href="Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li>

<li><a href="Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li>

<li><a href="Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li>

<li><a href="Nepalese_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li>

<ul><li><a href="Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li>

<li><a href="Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li>

<li><a href="Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li>

<li><a href="Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li>

<li><a href="Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li>

<li><a href="Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li>

<li><a href="Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li>

<li><a href="Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li>

<li><a href="Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li>

<li><a href="Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li>

<li><a href="Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li>

<li><a href="Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li>

<li><a href="Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li>

<li><a href="Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li>

<li><a href="Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li>

<li><a href="S'gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li>

<li><a href="Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a>

<li><a href="Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li>

<li><a href="Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li>

<li><a href="Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li>

<li><a href="Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a>

<ul><li><a href="Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li>

<li><a href="Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li>

<li><a href="Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li>

<li><a href="Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li>

<li><a href="Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li>

<li><a href="Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li>

<li><a href="Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li>

<li><a href="Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a>

<ul><li><a href="Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li>

<li><a href="Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li>

<li><a href="Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li>

<li><a href="Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li>

<li><a href="Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li>

<li><a href="Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Incung_script" title="Incung script">Incung</a></li>

<li><a href="Lampung_script" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li>

<li><a href="Lembak_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lembak script">Lembak</a></li>

<li><a href="Pasemah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasemah script">Pasemah</a></li>

<li><a href="Rejang_alphabet" title="Rejang alphabet">Rejang</a></li>

<li><a href="Serawai_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Serawai script">Serawai</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li>

<li><a href="Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li>

<li><a href="Boyd's_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a>

<ul><li><a href="Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li>

<li><a href="Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li>

<li><a href="Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li>

<li><a href="Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li>

<li><a href="Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li>

<li><a href="Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li>

<li><a href="Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li>

<li><a href="Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li>

<li><a href="Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li>

<li><a href="Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li>

<li><a href="Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li>

<li><a href="Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li>

<li><a href="Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li>

<li><a href="Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li>

<li><a href="Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li>

<li><a href="Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li>

<li><a href="Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li>

<li><a href="Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li>

<li><a href="Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li>

<li><a href="Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li>

<li><a href="Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li>

<li><a href="Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li>

<li><a href="Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Serbian_Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Cyrillic">Serbian</a></li>

<li><a href="Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li>

<li><a href="Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a>

<ul><li><a href="Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li>

<li><a href="Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li>

<li><a href="Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li>

<li><a href="Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li>

<li><a href="Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li>

<li><a href="Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li>

<li><a href="Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li>

<li><a href="Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li>

<li><a href="Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li>

<li><a href="Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li>

<li><a href="Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaddare_script" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li>

<li><a href="Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li>

<li><a href="Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li>

<li><a href="Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a>

<ul><li><a href="Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li>

<li><a href="Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li>

<li><a href="Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li>

<li><a href="Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li>

<li><a href="Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li>

<li><a href="Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li>

<li><a href="Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li>

<li><a href="Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li>

<li><a href="S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li>

<li><a href="Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li>

<li><a href="Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li>

<li><a href="Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li>

<li><a href="Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li>

<li><a href="Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li>

<li><a href="Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li>

<li><a href="Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li>

<li><a href="Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li>

<li><a href="Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a>

<ul><li><a href="Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li>

<li><a href="Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li>

<li><a href="Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li>

<li><a href="Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li>

<li><a href="Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li>

<li><a href="Osmanya_script" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li>

<li><a href="Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li>

<li><a href="Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li>

<li><a href="Runes" title="Runes">Runic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li>

<li><a href="Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li>

<li><a href="Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li>

<li><a href="Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li>

<li><a href="Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li>

<li><a href="Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li>

<li><a href="Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li>

<li><a href="Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li>

<li><a href="Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li>

<li><a href="Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li>

<li><a href="Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li>

<li><a href="Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li>

<li><a href="Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li>

<li><a href="Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li>

<li><a href="Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li>

<li><a href="Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li>

<li><a href="Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li>

<li><a href="Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li>

<li><a href="Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li>

<li><a href="Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li>

<li><a href="International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li>

<li><a href="Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li>

<li><a href="New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li>

<li><a href="Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li>

<li><a href="Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li>

<li><a href="Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li>

<li><a href="Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li>

<li><a href="Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li>

<li><a href="Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li>

<li><a href="Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li>

<li><a href="Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li>

<li><a href="Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li>

<li><a href="Ojibwe_writing_systems#Anishinaabewibii'iganan" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Anishinaabewibii'iganan</a></li>

<li><a href="Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li>

<li><a href="Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li>

<li><a href="Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li>

<li><a href="Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li>

<li><a href="Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li>

<li><a href="Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li>

<li><a href="Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a>

<ul><li><a href="Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li>

<li><a href="Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li>

<li><a href="Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li>

<li><a href="Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li>

<li><a href="Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li>

<li><a href="Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li>

<li><a href="Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li>

<li><a href="Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li>

<li><a href="Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li>

<li><a href="Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li>

<li><a href="Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li>

<li><a href="Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li>

<li><a href="Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li>

<li><a href="Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li>

<li><a href="Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li>

<li><a href="Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li>

<li><a href="Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li>

<li><a href="Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li>

<li><a href="Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li>

<li><a href="Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li>

<li><a href="Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li>

<li><a href="Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li>

<li><a href="Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li>

<li><a href="Iberian_scripts" title="Iberian scripts">Iberian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern</a></li>

<li><a href="Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li>

<li><a href="Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li>

<li><a href="Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li>

<li><a href="Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li>

<li><a href="Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li>

<li><a href="SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li>

<li><a href="Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li>

<li><a href="Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li>

<li><a href="Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li>

<li><a href="Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li>

<li><a href="Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li>

<li><a href="Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li>

<li><a href="Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li>

<li><a href="Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li>

<li><a href="Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li>

<li><a href="Man'y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li>

<li><a href="Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li>

<li><a href="S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li>

<li><a href="Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li>

<li><a href="Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li>

<li><a href="Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li>

<li><a href="Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li>

<li><a href="N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li>

<li><a href="Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li>

<li><a href="Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li>

<li><a href="Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">French-ordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br>i.e. <a href="Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br>i.e. <a href="Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br>i.e. <a href="Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Ge'ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">Blindness organizations</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap">Schools for the blind</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7476695#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata537" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7476695#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata537" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566311">Japan</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/0ad51719-1f96-4204-8579-af8ad65ed5ad">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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